英国硕士课程论文：Resilience in children 儿童心理复原力
对儿童的复原力进行了大量的研究，无论他们是住在家里还是无家可归。然而，对于成年人的复原力，无论是住房还是无家可归，研究较少。儿童的幸福感，包括他们的复原力，与他们家中的成年人有直接的关系。考虑到这一现实，我决定调查一下，如果复原能力降低了无家可归者在成年后及其居住后的过渡过程中的负面影响。我发现这些信息对那些无家可归的成年人和那些从无家可归者过渡到被收容者有帮助。
Abstract 摘要
There is a great deal of research into resilience in children, whether they are housed or homeless. However, there is less research about resilience in adults, whether they are housed or homeless.
Children’s well-being, which includes their resilience, is directly correlated with that of the adults in their families. Given this reality I decided to investigate if resilience reduces negative effects of homelessness in adults and in their transition after becoming housed. The information I find can be useful for those working with adults who are homeless and those making the transition from being homeless to being housed.
Literature review 文献综述
According to the Stuart B. McKinney Act, a person is considered homeless if he or she “lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence and has a primary night time residence that is:
1) supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations;
2) an institution that provides a temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized, including mental health facilities or hospitals;
3) a public or private place not designed for or ordinarily used as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings, which includes cars and parks. This definition does not include those imprisoned or otherwise detained pursuant to an act of Congress or a state law (NCH, Fact Sheet #3).
Difficult childhoods (including sexual and/or physical abuse, addiction, mental illness, and so on) may play a role in adult homelessness. More women report living with an abusive parent than men (Smith, et al, p. 5). Battered women who live in poverty are often forced to choose between abusive relationships and homelessness (NCH, Fact Sheet #3). Approximately half of all women and children experiencing homelessness are fleeing domestic violence (NCH, Fact Sheet #3). Immigrants also cite language barriers (Smith et al, page 13).
Many kinds of people become homeless, leading to a diverse homeless population (Tompsett, p 86). It is important to include the services that are most important for that particular group, especially in this time of limited funds for services (Tompsett, pp 87).
Even though homelessness affects people in different ways, it can have a corrosive effect on people’s self-esteem and well-being; fifty-three percent of respondents say that being homeless destroyed their self-esteem and self-confidence. Unlike gender, age, ethnicity and nationality made no difference in how people answered the questions (Smith et al, page 9).
Thirty-nine percent of men and nine percent of women said that being homeless led to depression, mental health problems and anxiety (Smith, page 10). However, many women report being depressed and having a history of mental health problems prior to homelessness (Smith et al, page 10).
Homelessness can damage:
people’s capability through loss of skills; their inability to think about employment while worrying housing; their health becoming impaired while homeless; their resilience and self-confidence, particularly men’s (Smith, et al, page 9).
This emphasizes the need to activities that help people build self-esteem and the social interactions helping them release their capabilities (Smith et al, page 10). The literature I found does not explain how these activities help in this way.
